Hemangiomas are tumors identified by rapid endothelial cell proliferation in early infancy, followed by involution over time; all other abnormalities are malformations resulting from anomalous development of vascular plexuses. The malformations have a normal endothelial cell growth cycle that affects the veins, the capillaries, or the lymphatics, and they do not involute.
Oral florid papillomatosis is a type of verrucous carcinoma (VC) that is clinically evident as multiple squamous papillary nodules in the oral cavity and, less commonly, in the larynx, the pharynx, the esophagus, the middle ear, the maxillary antrum, the nasal fossa, and the bronchus. Verrucous carcinoma usually appears in 3 main sites: the oropharynx, the genital tract, and the soles of the feet. However, verrucous carcinoma can also occur on the cutaneous surface. Accordingly, verrucous carcinoma is known by a number of names.
Fibrous growths of the oral soft tissues are fairly common and include a diverse group of reactive and neoplastic conditions. Some of these conditions are discussed elsewhere in Medscape Drugs & Diseases. For example, the term epulis fissuratum refers to epithelial and fibrous hyperplasia specifically related to, and the result of, trauma from the border of a removable denture. It may be viewed as the mucosal counterpart of acanthoma fissuratum.
Part of periodontology involves the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of non–plaque-related diseases of the periodontium. The International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions noted that the periodontist may be called upon to manage non–plaque-related mucocutaneous disorders either alone, or as part of a treatment team consisting of physicians, dentists or other allied health care professionals
Treatment protocols for oral cavity cancers are provided below, including generalized first-line therapy based on stage; chemoradiation therapy and induction chemotherapy for locally advanced disease; and first-, second-, and third-line chemotherapy for metastatic or recurrent disease.
The TNM classifications for oral cavity and laryngeal cancers are provided below, along with histologic grades and anatomic stages.
The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2016 about 48,330 people will get oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer, and an estimated 9,570 people will die of these cancers. These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. They are about equally common in blacks and in whites.
Summary The purpose of the survey was to assess through a mailed questionnaire the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding oral cancer and their relationship with different indicators in a random sample of 1000 dentists in Italy. Respondents know the major risk factors and only half identify the diagnostic procedures.
Within the specific context of 30,000 new cases of oral and pharyngeal cancer diagnosed each year in the United States and the associated 9000 deaths is the broader picture of individuals with potentially detectable precancerous lesions. Most cases include patients with asymptomatic oral and oropharyngeal mucosal alterations.
Nonmalignant lesions account for most dermatologic disorders seen by urologists. For most of these conditions, the diagnosis can be ascertained through clinical history and presentation, but, on occasion, biopsy may be necessary. This review focuses on cutaneous diseases that are either specific to the male genitalia or frequently involve this body region.