Early symptomatic HIV infection includes persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, often the earliest symptom of primary HIV infection; oral lesions such as thrush and oral hairy leukoplakia; hematologic disturbances such as hypoproliferative anemia and thrombocytopenia; neurologic disorders such as aseptic meningitis; and dermatologic disorders such as varicella-zoster virus (shingles).
Bullous or blistering drug eruptions and drug-induced anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity syndromes are among the most serious types of adverse drug reactions.
Historically, disorders of taste and smell have been difficult to diagnose and treat, often because of a lack of knowledge and understanding of these senses and their disease states. An alteration in taste or smell may be a secondary process in various disease states, or it may be the primary symptom.
Dermatomyositis (DM) is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) with characteristic cutaneous findings. Dermatomyositis is a systemic disorder that frequently affects the joints, the esophagus, the lungs, and, less commonly, the heart.
The World Health Organization (WHO) first defined oral leukoplakia as a white patch or plaque that could not be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease; therefore, lichen planus, candidiasis, and white sponge nevus were excluded.
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral illness with a distinct clinical presentation of oral and characteristic distal extremity lesions. Most commonly, the etiologic agents are coxsackieviruses, members of the Picornaviridae family.
Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is an autoimmune blistering disorder associated with a gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE). The disease was described and named in 1884 by Dr. Louis Duhring at the University of Pennsylvania.
Denture stomatitis is a common oral mucosal lesion in the United States and Western Europe. Prevalence rates of 2.5-18.3% in adults aged 35-44 years or 65-74 years are reported, with a predominance in the latter age group.1,2 Although patient age and denture quality alone do not predispose individuals this mucosal condition, the odds of developing stomatitis, denture-related hyperplasia, and angular cheilitis are increased almost 3-fold in denture wearers.3 Studies indicate that correlations may exist with the amount of tissue coverage by a maxillary denture, vitamin A levels, smoking of cigarettes, and not removing dentures.
Reports of osteonecrosis (also called “osteochemonecrosis” and “bisphosphonateassociated osteonecrosis”) of the jaw associated with the use of the bisphosphonates zoledronic acid (Zometa, Novartis, East Hanover, N.J.) and pamidronate (Aredia, Novartis), began to surface in 2003.1,2 Zoledronic acid and pamidronate are intravenous (IV) bisphosphonates used to reduce bone pain, hypercalcemia of malignancy and skeletal complications in patients with multiple myeloma, breast, lung and other cancers and Paget’s disease of bone.
Despite recent advances in understanding the immunopathogenesis of oral lichen planus (LP), the initial triggers of lesion formation and the essential pathogenic pathways are unknown.